A nice thing about gamma detectors is that they can measure the energy of the gamma particle. Of the six plastic scintillation detectors that were used. Vo 260 066 detector and detector systems for particle and. The 802 series of nai tl detectors provides high efficiency and uniform. Photodiodes propagation of light applications of scintillation detectors j. The ends of the crystal are bevelled at 30 to permit close pack. Semiconductor detectors the choice of a particular detector type for an application depends upon the xray or gamma energy range of interest and the. The most widely used scintillation material is nai tl thalliumdoped sodium iodide.
Due to their high density and high effective atomic number, they can be. Hamamatsu photomultiplier tubecr119, an internal magneticlight shield, an aluminum housing and a 14pin connector. The sodium iodide nai scintillator detector provides high efficiency. Nai tl sodium iodide scintillation detectors berkeley. The fmb oxford scintillation detectors come in two sizes and various configurations that are tailored to meet your individual needs, whether that is an individual detector or an array for a multi crystal analyser. Studies on a plastic scintillator detector for activity. Gamma and xray detection introduction canberra industries. The scintillation detector and pmt are shown above. The variation of detection efficiency with the gamma ray energy and detection distance was also investigated. The scintillator is mounted in a container usually aluminum and a mumetal shield is fitted over the pmt.
Characterisation of plastic scintillators used as an active background. Detection efficiency of naitl detector in 51132 kev. Basic principle of the scintillator scintillator ionizing radiation light visible, uv light sensor fig. The g or xrays interact with scintillation detectors via photoelectric, compton. The thallium doped sodium iodide scintillation had. Commercially available plastic scintillation detectors with different. It was found from this work that the detection efficiency depends on gamma ray energy and also source distance to the detector. Example of right circular cylinder consider a 2inch diameter nai tl detector 2. Scintillation detector operating manual saintgobain. The scintillator is relatively slow with a decay time of several microseconds. E vv e g emission of auger electron energy released in the transition from the valence to the core band does not go into photon emission, but into emission of an electron. Performance of a positionsensitive scintillation detector. Scintillation detectors the very fast transitions in baf 2 and csf are due to an intermediate transition between the valence and core bands. Scintillation detectors have been manufactured in the netherlands since the 1960s.
Cyberstar scintillation range of detector heads xray detectors and. So here we introduce crystal growth, manufacture of the scintillation detector and gamma plate, as examples of applications related to scintillation detectors for. Background the detector illustrated in figure 1 consists of a bar of nai t1 500 mm long, 50 mm wide and 25 mm thick, coupled to ten 50 mm diameter phototubes through a 12. Scintillator materials show property called luminescence. Vo 260 066 detector and detector systems for particle and nuclear physics i email. Pdf stability test for naiti scintillation detector. This can be overcome by going to detectors with higher densities solids, liquids.
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material. Most scintillation detectors are only sensitive to one type of radiation. An attempted work had been made on the basic principle that when a radiation interactedwith the detector material, it was absorbing by the material and emitting flash of light, i. The longtime work horse for bncs sam iii generation and sam 940, sodium iodide nai crystals are the most widely used scintillation material for gammaray spectroscopy. The objective of this endeavor is to present a brief description of a stability test performed on a naiti scintillation detector to determine its most suitable operating voltage range. Scintillation detectors key features description the model 802 scintillation detector is a hermetically sealed assembly which includes a high resolution nai tl crystal, a photomultiplier tube, an internal magneticlight shield, an aluminum housing, and a 14pin connector. The detection efficiency and energy resolution for the nai tl scintillation detectors were measured.
An explanation of the process of scintillation in an inorganic scintillation crystal, nai tl. The model nai33p3 scintillation detector is a hermetically sealed assembly which includes a high resolution dia. Approximately half the fwhm of comparable sized nai tl detectors above 350 kev higher efficiency than similarly sized nai tl detectors 1. Scintillation detector operating manual 3 basic connections 1 unless you have a detector with integrated voltage divider or voltage dividerpreamplifier, press a plugon voltage divider onto the pmt base. Scintillation detectors the disadvantage of gas filled counters is their low efficiency. Scintillation detectors can be used in a variety of experiments including diffraction and reflectometry.
The limitations of energy resolution of scintillation detectors are discussed with a special emphasis on nonproportionality response of scintillators to gamma rays and electrons, which is of. The timing information of a heavy ion through a plastic scintillation detector is passed on. Scintillation detectors are generally assumed to be linear. Naitl detector, gamma detector, naitl scintillation. The scintillator container and mumetal shield are sealed. The detector material is not always sufficiently thick to stop the radiation. Scintillates are one of the oldest types of radiation detector because measurements could be made with photographic film. Review article scintillation detectors for xrays martin nikl institute of physics, academy of sciences of the czech republic, cukrovarnicka 10. Microfluidic scintillation detectors for high energy physics. In this experiment you will use both scintillation and semiconductor detectors to study.
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses it consists of a scintillator which generates photons in response to incident radiation, a sensitive photodetector usually a photomultiplier tube pmt, a chargecoupled device ccd. On the other hand, the labr 3ce detectors are not wellsuited for lowlevel application due to their relatively high intrinsic background from the decay of 8la. To remove radioactive impurities in nai tl crystal is one of the most. The performance of naitl scintillation detectors for determining the decay rate of radioactive sources in a modulation experiment. The dark matter search project by means of ultra high purity naitl scintillator is now underdevelopment. Chapter 4 scintillation detectors mcmaster university. The scintillation detector is made up of 4 components. In scintillation detectors the material of the detector is excited to luminescence emission of visible or nearvisible light photons by the absorbed photons or particles. Syed naeem ahmed, in physics and engineering of radiation detection second edition, 2015. So nai detectors will pick up gamma radiation, but not alpha or beta, zinc sulfide zns will only pick up alpha radiation, and so forth. To understand how the gamma detectors work, we need to understand how.
Starting with a 60co source placed in front of the nai scintillator, gradually turn the. Scintillation detectors are used for the determination of the highenergy part of the xray spectrum. Gamma scintillation detectors gamma particles are best detected with crystal scintillation detectors. The scintillation mechanism is different for these two types. An introduction objective the primary objective of this experiment is to use an nai tl detector, photomultiplier tube and multichannel analyzer software system to obtain the major primary gamma peaks of various elements, and to compare the acquired values with theoretical predictions. Thalliumactivated sodium iodide, nai tl is a crystalline material which is widely used for the detection of gammarays in scintillation detectors.
Scintillation detectors consist of a scintillator phosphor. Neutron scintillation detector using digital sipms. Some fluorescent materials are listed in the following table. Utz kramar, in encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry, 1999. Model end030601 nai tl gamma scintillation detectorthe model end030601 nai tl scintillation detect add to cart nai tl gamma scintillation detector, nai scintillator. An array of large volume nai tl detectors whose volume is 12. The iodine provides most of the stopping power in sodium iodide since it has a high z 53.
Gamma ray spectroscopy with nai ti and geli detectors. In this paper, i focus on that scintillators and scintillation detectors. Learn more about ortecs 905 series nai ti scintillation radiation detector and its capabilities. There are two commonly used types of scintillators, inorganic crystals and organic scintillators. Stachel physics university heidelberg detectorphysics june 9, 2015 2 304. Scintillation detector an overview sciencedirect topics. These detectors offer the best performance and resolution for your nuclear spectroscopy applications. Identify the essential steps of radiation detection using a scintillation detector. The detector package is hermetically sealed when a hygroscopic scintillator, such as nai tl, is used. When hit by radiation, an ionizing particle, they absorbe and reemit energy in form of visible light if reemission is fast 106 sec the phenomenon is called phosphorescence. Especially, 40k as it exists in nature is manufactured, paying special attention to keep it. Classification of solidstate radiation detectors and their detector types.
Gamma ray spectroscopy with nai tl and hpge detectors. Van vulpen university of amsterdam nikhef december, 20. Gamma particles are best detected with crystal scintillation detectors. Development of a fast plastic scintillation detector with time. Scintillation detectors use the material that could emit light when energetic particles radiation interacted with its molecules and transferred energy,in the nai tl scintillators, the thallium acted as an activator, creates special sites at which the normal energy band structure was modified from that of pure crystal. Temperature behavior of nai tl scintillation detectors. Particle detectors, microfluidics, scintillation detectors, liquid scintil lators, microfabrication. Fiddler probes pdf high flashpoint ej 309 liquid scintillation detectors pdf. Air, detector housing materials and light reflectors around the detector are possible absorbers. The two main type of crystals used are sodium iodide nai and germanium ge. Slow scintillation time constants in naitl for different. Eu scintillation detectors europium doped strontium iodide scintillation crystals are high resolution, low background crystals due to their extreme good proportionality and very high light output. Read the tutorial on pmts on the 122 web page for this experiment. M the fraction of the photons absorbed by the detector.
48 1355 459 373 1377 1209 1364 535 251 215 551 1416 1327 113 499 571 848 977 43 306 1266 1226 1476 663 539 1072 637 497 1283 313 1095 1130 878 489 1335 1346 105 605